Native Americans in Madison County
THE MOUND
BUILDERS OF CAHOKIA
One
of the most sophisticated prehistoric Native American civilization
north of Mexico is located at Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, a
few miles west of Collinsville, Illinois. In its heyday, Cahokia was
larger than London, England – covering about six square miles, with
one hundred twenty manmade earthen mounds in a wide range of sizes,
shapes, and functions. The Mississippians who lived there were
accomplished builders who erected a wide variety of structures from
practical homes to monumental public buildings. Cahokia as it is now
defined was settled around 600AD. The inhabitants left no written
records beyond symbols on pottery, shell, copper, wood, and stone.
The city’s original name is unknown.
The mounds were named after the Cahokia tribe, a historic Illiniwek
people living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in
the 17th century. As this was centuries after Cahokia was abandoned
by its original inhabitants, the Cahokia tribe was not necessarily
descended from the original founders.
At the high point of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban
center north of Mexico. Between 1050 and 1100AD, Cahokia’s
population increased from between 1400 and 2800 people to between
10,200 and 15,300 people. Archaeologists estimate the city’s
population at its peak was between 6,000 and 40,000, with more
people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main
urban center.
One of the major problems Cahokia faced was keeping a steady supply
of food. A related problem was waste disposal for the dense
population. The population of Cahokia began to decline during the
13th century, and the site was eventually abandoned around 1300.
Scholars suggest overhunting, deforestation, and flooding as
explanation for abandonment. Another possibility is invasion by
outside peoples. Analysis of sediment from beneath nearby Horseshoe
Lake revealed that two major floods occurred during the Cahokia
period – roughly 1100-1260 and 1340-1460.
Monks Mound is the largest structure in Cahokia. It is a massive
platform mound with four terraces, ten stories tall. Facing south,
it is 100ft high, 951ft long, and 836ft wide. It covers 13.8 acres.
It was built over the course of several centuries. Excavation on the
top of Monks Mound has revealed evidence of a large building, likely
a temple or residence of the Chief. The mound was named after the La
Trappe monks who resided there for a short time around 1809. The
monks came from the Province of Perche in France. Numbering about 80
in all, they lived upon the mound, which was the gift of Colonel
Nicholas Jarrot of Cahokia. The monks farmed, repaired watches, and
traded with local inhabitants. In 1811, the monks used the lower
terrace for a kitchen garden, and had the summit of the structure
sown in wheat. The monks were not allowed to speak to another,
except in cases of absolute necessity. They ate two meals a day,
which excluded all meat. They slept in their clothing upon boards,
with blocks of wood for pillows. When a stranger visited, he was
welcomed with the utmost kindness. The monks did not do well in the
climate in the area. Malarial fevers prevailed among them to an
alarming rate. Those who died were buried without a coffin in the
field adjoining their residence. Between 1813 - 1816, they sold off
their personal property, returned the land to Mr. Jarrot, and left
the country for France. In 1907, John Sutter, an archaeologist,
found glass beads which had been made in Italy 250 years before the
birth of Christ.
Later, a man by the name of Hill owned the mound and a large portion
of land adjoining it. He was an enterprising settler, and added to
the structure the La Trappe monks had lived in, and made it a
comfortable residence. Beneath his home was a deep, unwalled cellar.
On the second terrace, Hill dug a well 80 or 90 feet deep. Old
settlers living when the well was dug stated that at the depth of
about sixty feet, pieces of pottery and two sea shells were found.
Those who partook of the well water stated it had a peculiar taste.
In 1864, Thomas T. Ramey, a member of the Illinois General Assembly,
purchased the Cahokia Mound site from Mr. Page, who lived in St.
Louis. Ramey employed coal miners from Collinsville and ran a short
tunnel into Monks Mound. He permitted one or two excavations in the
mounds south of the Monks Mound, but as a whole, he was against
excavations. Trees were allowed to grow on Monks Mound until they
were cut down in the 1970s by archaeologists. For a time, Monks
Mound was called the Ramey Mound. During the 1890s, Ramey lobbied
the state for Cahokia’s preservation. His efforts were thwarted by a
Chicago legislator, who remarked in 1913 that his “district needs
parks for live people, and the guys in that mound are all dead
ones.” Finally, in 1925, the State purchased from the Ramey family
144.4 acres, including Monks Mound, for $52,110. Cahokia Mounds
State Park (part of which is in St. Clair County and part in Madison
County) was then created.
Some of the excavations throughout the years at the base of the
Monks Mound yielded a tomb or burial place, with the dust of nearly
twenty human skeletons and about a hundred vessels of pottery in
almost perfect condition. The pottery, some resembling vases and
long-necked water bottles, resembled the ancient vessels of the
Nile, painted in a bright red pigment with some of the same symbols
as used by the sun-worshipers in Egypt, and very similar to symbols
on vessels taken by Schliemann from buried Mycenae and Troy. Other
Cahokia relics include stone implements of agriculture such as hoes,
spades, and shovels.
RELICS FROM MONK’S MOUND
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, April 01, 1882
Hon. William McAdams, the Jersey County archaeologist, was in town
this morning on his return home from an exploring tour in the
American Bottom, and had with him a few remarkably interesting
specimens of ancient pottery from Monk’s Mound – one representing an
owl, another a duck, a third a sea shell, etc. Mr. McAdams has in
preparation the chapter on the archaeology and geology of this
county for Brink’s History, and writes as follows to Mr. Brink:
“I have just returned from the American Bottom, which I have visited
several times this winter, making examinations of the mounds and
geological features of Madison County about the bluffs, gathering
material for your new history. I have been very successful, and have
many new points which will give the matter more interest. I have
made a good map of the Cahokia group of mounds, which are the
largest as well as the most interesting in the United States. I have
done a great deal of work among these mounds, and obtained much
valuable information in relation to the same.
At the foot of Monk’s Mound, I was so fortunate as to find an old
tomb or burying place, from which I secured a splendid lot of
ancient pottery representing men, birds, animals, and sea shells,
numbering nearly one hundred pieces, and the most of them in perfect
condition. Numbers of these specimens represent ducks of life size,
and you can even distinguish the various species. There are also
owls, frogs, turtles, beavers, and other animals; long-necked water
vessels of quaint device, like those of Egypt, and some of those are
colored with bright pigments, like in form and color to those
described by Schliemann from old Troy and Mycenas. Among these
curious ancient treasures, you are constantly reminded of the
Orient. The tomb spoken of above is not much larger than your
office, although more than a score of ancient rulers of this Mound
City must have been buried there. When I next visit you, I will
bring two or three of these gems of the ceramic art to show you the
aesthetic taste of the builders of these mysterious mounds. With the
earthen vessels were a number of relics that throw much light on the
customs and manners of these old Sun Worshipers. Beside the
crumbling remains of one poor mortal was arranged a number of
singular earthen vessels, in which was a great variety of paints,
mostly of an earthy character. This party had evidently been an
artist, as his decorated vessels showed; his pallet and
paint-grinders were there, and numerous little paddles, spoons, and
mixers, all neatly made of bone. I know of nothing so very find
having been found before in Illinois, and consider them a most
important matter of study, especially as some of the vessels are
marked with the curious emblems of their religion.”
THE GREAT CAHOKIA MOUND
By Professor McAdams
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, December 24, 1887
Professor McAdams, in his new book, “Records of the Ancient Races in
the Mississippi Valley,” gives a most interesting account of the
ancient mounds on Cahokia Creek in the southern part of Madison
County. The bottom between the bluff and the Mississippi River at
this point is an extensive plain, ten or twelve miles in width. In
the center of this plain are the remains of what Mr. McAdams thinks
was at one time an extensive city inhabited by the mound builders.
The ruins comprise a collection of nearly one hundred huge earthen
mounds, the central and larger one of which is one hundred feet
high, and covers about sixteen acres of ground. This great central
mound is indeed a pyramid with straight sides. The base of the
structure is a parallelogram, being longer north and south. On the
south side, some thirty feet above the base, is a terrace,
comprising several acres, and upon which is now growing an orchard
of apple trees. Some 30 or more feet above this terrace is a smaller
one on the west side. Upon this second terrace, a few old forest
trees – oaks and elms – are still growing. The top is divided into
two parts, the northern part being 5 or 6 feet the higher. The top
has an area of about one and a half acres. On the top are the
remains of a dwelling house and portions of a fence that once
enclosed the elevated area. The building was in years past the
residence of one of the white settlers who owned the land. In 1811,
the mound was occupied by a colony of Monks of the order of
LaTrappe, and Breckenridge, who saw and described it then, when the
whole plain was a waving sea of prairie grass, says the Monks had
the lower terrace sown in wheat, made the roadway from the base to
the top. In the middle of the first terrace, there is still to be
seen an approach, or graded way, that leads into the plain below.
Excepting the western side, which is seamed by ravines and shows the
effects of the elements, during the lapse of centuries, the sides
are still straight and in good preservation, being too steep to
cultivate.
The
view from the top of the mound is simply magnificent. The miles of
level plain above and below, bounded on the east by the line of
bluffs, while on the west, half a dozen miles distant, is a splendid
picture of the great city of St. Louis. The whole structure seems to
be made of the black soil that covers the surrounding plain. On the
second terrace, there is to be seen the curbing over a well, dug by
the white settlers who lived in the house above. The well is walled,
and the water can be seen in the depths below. It is said to be 80
feet in depth. Only the black, humid soil was seen during the
excavating through the mound, and nothing of importance was
discovered that might throw any light as to the builders of the
structure. Every indication would seem to show that the enormous
structure was built of the peculiar soil of the surrounding plain.
Immediately surrounding this mighty pyramid are seventy-two others,
not so large, but some of great size. One is circular, the apex of
the cone being fifty feet above the level, a few are oblong, but
most of them are square, and several of these platforms 25 to 35
feet high, are so large as to be utilized for building sites, and
contain in some instances not only the farmer’s residence, but the
barns and outbuildings, and kitchen garden on the top of the same
mound. Excepting some pretty little lakes or ponds which seem to be
without doubt artificial, there is little evidence to show where the
enormous amount of earth was obtained to erect these structures.
All about these mounds the ground is very rich, and in times past
has been not only the abode of a numerous people, but their cemetery
as well. Professor McAdams has seen the market gardener at work in
his fields at the foot of the great pyramid, literally plow through
human bones. In the field everywhere are to be seen fragments of
pottery and pieces of flint and stone implements of many kinds.
There is indisputable evidence of long occupation.
Some of the relics from this region show considerable skill in the
manufacture of stone implements, especially those used in
agriculture, and many hoes, spades, and other implements are found
chipped out and fashioned so deftly as to answer no mean purpose.
But in the manufacture of pottery, they were adept, and many of
their earthen vessels show artistic tastes. From one old cemetery at
the foot of the big mound, one day he took over 100 perfect vessels
that had been made for and used as burial vases. Vessels of food and
liquid were always placed in the grave, precisely as formerly in
Europe and the old world, but these Cahokia vases were made with
much more skill, and many were even made to resemble birds, beasts,
fishes, and even men and women. Some of these vessels were adorned
with paints and colored clays, and some of them bear devices and
symbols strongly like those of Egypt, and even ancient Greece.
The Cahokia Mounds are doubtless simply the remains of a great
religious Mecca of the mound builders, and quite probably the most
stupendous ruins of the work of men’s hands to be seen not only on
this continent, but in the world.
OTHER MOUNDS AND INDIAN RELICS IN MADISON COUNTY
THE BLUFFS NEAR ALTON
According to Professor William McAdams, a noted archeologist, the
bluffs of Madison County are an immense cemetery. They were the
common burial place of the tribes who inhabited the land. Caves were
discovered with accumulations of ashes showing that for long periods
they were inhabited by men who lived on animals and shell fish found
along the shore of the Mississippi. In several caves along the Piasa
Creek and the vicinity of the mouth of the Illinois River further
north, human bones, broken lengthwise to extract the marrow, were
found, giving suggestion to cannibalism.
Along Piasa Creek and other streams nearby are many mounds that seem
to be the remains of dwelling places. In these mounds kitchen refuse
was found. McAdams stated that a great variety of mounds can still
be seen in 1882 in the vicinity of the Piasa Creek a few miles above
Alton, some of earth covered with stone, others of stone and earth
together, while others were wholly of earth. On the face of the
bluffs were numerous figures of animals and other objects painted
with a red pigment.
Two large figures were painted on the side
of the bluffs west of Alton. They were discovered by Father Jacques
Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, and Louis Joliet, a fur trader,
during their expedition on the Mississippi River in 1673. According
to the journals of Marquette, he wrote:
“As we were descending the river, we saw high rocks with hideous
monsters painted on them, and upon which the bravest Indian dare not
look. They are as large as a calf, with head and horns like a goat,
their eyes are red, beard like a tiger’s and a face like a man’s.
Their tails are so long that they pass over their bodies and between
their legs under their bodies, ending like a fish’s tail. They are
painted red, green and black, and so well drawn that I could not
believe they were drawn by the Indians, and for what purpose they
were drawn seems to me a mystery.”
This original description of the “hideous monsters” painted on the
bluffs did not include wings, which were added later in a fictional
story written by Mr. John Russell, a Baptist minister and professor
at Shurtleff College in Upper Alton. The story of the Piasa Bird,
although fiction, had an extensive circulation, and is now widely
known.
To read the full story on the Legend of the Piasa Bird, please click
here.
According to the History of Madison County, Illinois, published by W. R. Brink in 1882, there were no Native Americans living in Madison County within the timeframe of its settlement by the whites. In the early days, however, the Indians frequently visited this part of Illinois – mostly with the object of having conferences with Governor Ninian Edwards at Edwardsville. Large bands of Indians, sometimes numbering 150 canoes, with each canoe containing three or four men, women, and children, frequently passed down the Mississippi River. They sometimes traveled to St. Louis to meet with William Clark, Governor of the territory of Missouri. They sometimes stopped at Gillham’s landing on the Mississippi, just below the mouth of the Missouri, and proceeded on foot to Edwardsville. An old settler of the county states that he had seen the men marching along the road to Edwardsville in a single file, a mile in length. The squaws and children were generally left at the river to guard the canoes and belongings. These Indians were the Sacs, Foxes, Pottawatomies, and Winnebagoes, who lived along the upper Mississippi near the present towns of Rock Island, Davenport, and Galena. The squaws usually wanted to barter strings of beads for green corn, while the braves showed a fondness for whisky. Another pioneer stated that he saw Indians traveling and camping near Edwardsville. When the Cahokia was full of water, they would wallow in the mud in the road, then jump into the creek. He also saw them playing cards.
JEAN BAPTISTE CARDINAL TAKEN CAPTIVE
A Frenchman by the name of Jean Baptiste Cardinal settled in Piasa
(supposed to be the present site of Alton) in 1785. There he built a
house and resided with his family. Cardinal was taken captive by the
Indians, and his family fled for refuge to the village of Cahokia.
JAMES GILLHAM SEARCHES FOR FAMILY WHO WERE TAKEN CAPTIVE
In June 1790, James Gillham was plowing his farm in Kentucky, while
his young son, Isaac, was clearing clods away with a hoe. A party of
Kickapoo Indians stole up to his home and captured Gillham’s wife
and three other children, ranging in age from four to twelve. The
field where he worked was some distance from the house, and it was
not for some time that he discovered his family had been taken. In
the meantime, the Indians hurried away with their prisoners. Mrs.
Gillham was so shocked at the sudden appearance of the Indians, that
she lost her senses. The first that she could recollect afterward
was the voice of her oldest, son, Samuel, saying, “Mother, we are
all prisoners.” The group traveled in the direction of the Kickapoo
village, near the head waters of the Sangamon River in Illinois. The
children’s feet became so sore and bruised, that the mother tore her
clothing to get rags in which to wrap them. The children were given
deer jerky, but the mother was given no food until they had traveled
some distance from the white settlements. Finally, one night two
Indians returned with one poor raccoon, which they Gillhams and the
Indians shared. One in Ohio, their pace slowed and the Indians
secured more food. They crossed the Wabash River below Terre Haute,
and walked through the present counties of Clark, Coles and Macon,
reaching their Indian village on Salt Creek, about twenty miles
northeast of the present city of Springfield, Illinois.
Mr. Gillham, upon returning home, found his house in disarray, with
his wife and children gone. Gillham and his friends lost no time in
starting in pursuit, following their trail. In time the trail was
lost, and Mr. Gillham abandoned the pursuit. He sold his farm in
Kentucky and visited Vincennes and Kaskaskia, with the hope of
enlisting the aid of French traders, who had knowledge of all the
Indian tribes in the Northwest. After five years of disappointment,
he learned from French traders that his family were among the
Kickapoos. With two Frenchmen as interpreters and guides, he visited
the Indian village on Salt Creek, and found his wife and children
alive and well. A ransom was paid through an Irish trader at
Cahokia, by the name of Atchinson. The youngest son, Clemons, could
not speak a word of English, and it was some time before he could be
persuaded to leave the Indian country.
During his visit through Illinois, Gillham was impressed with the
advantages of the country. In 1797, two years after the recovering
of his family, he became a resident of Illinois. He first settled in
the American Bottom below St. Louis, then moved to Madison County.
In 1815, Congress gave to Mrs. Gillham one hundred and sixty acres
of land at the head of Long Lake in Chouteau Township, in testimony
of the hardship and sufferings she endured during her captivity
among the Indians. The children of James Gillham were Samuel, Isaac,
Jacob Clemons, James, Harvey, David M., Polly, Sally, and Nancy.
James wrote to his brothers in South Carolina of the advantages of
Illinois country, and his brother, Thomas, left South Carolina in
the Fall of 1799, and reached Madison County at the end of the year.
Two other brothers, John and William, came to Illinois in 1802, both
settling in Madison County. Another brother, Isaac, followed a
couple of years later. Gillham’s oldest son, Isham, was Sheriff of
Madison County from 1812 to 1818. Another son, William, settled on a
farm in the Ridge Prairie, five miles east of Edwardsville.
ROBERT McMAHAN'S WIFE AND CHILDREN KILLED BY INDIANS
Robert McMahan settled on Ridge Prairie, two miles and a half
southwest from Troy. He was born in Virginia, immigrated to
Kentucky, and in that state married Margaret Clark. He moved to
Illinois in 1793, settling near New Design. His wife and four
children were killed by Indians, and he and his eldest daughter were
taken prisoner. He married a second wife, and raised a large family.
McMahan died in 1822 at the age of 63.
ALEXANDER DENNIS AND JOHN VAN METER MURDERED BY INDIANS
On July 24, 1802, two men by the name of Alexander Dennis and John
Van Meter were murdered by Indians in the Goshen settlement,
southwest of Edwardsville, not far from where the Cahokia Creek
emerged from the bluff, at a place later known as Nix’s Ford. This
was in Collinsville Township. The murder was committed by a band of
Pottawatamies, led by Chief Turkey Foot. Turkey Foot and his band
were returning from Cahokia to their village in the northern part of
Illinois. They met Dennis and Van Meter, and killed them without
provocation. In the book, “The History of Madison County” 1882, it
was stated the Indians were probably intoxicated. This occurrence
only slightly affected the progress of the Goshen country. The
Indians were usually friendly with the whites, and this act was
looked upon as a solitary incident.
MR. PRICE MURDERED BY INDIANS AT HUNTER'S SPRING
June 20, 1811
Settlers lived mostly in peace with Native Americans in Madison
County until 1811, when hostile feelings grew as the white man
advanced more and more into the West. A man by the name of Mr.
Price, and a companion by the name of Colter, built a log cabin on
the hill above a spring, east of what would become Alton, and
cleared a small tract of land in the bottom. The spring was located
on the northeast corner of Broadway and Spring Street in Alton, and
was discovered in 1804 by James Preuitt and James Stockden, who at
that time were living on the bluff below what would become East
Alton. The spring was later named Hunter’s Spring, after Charles
Hunter, who owned quite a bit of property east of Henry Street in
Alton, which was then named Hunterstown.
Price and Colter were busy hoeing corn in their field on June 20,
1811. A small party of Native Americans approached, seemingly
friendly. Price asked if they came in peace, and one of them laid
down his gun and extended his hand to Price, who took it without
suspecting treachery. The Native held fast to Price, while another
shot Price in the back. The shot was so close, that the powder
burned a hole in his shirt as large as a person’s hand. Colter
mounted his horse and fled, but was shot in the leg. He raised the
alarm, and Solomon Preuitt and two of his brothers, with others,
gave pursuit until coming into the heavy timber in the Wood River
Bottoms. Night was approaching, and they gave up their pursuit. The
next day they found that the Indians had taken refuge under a large
tree, and then escaped.
This event raised the alarm among the settlers, and from that time
until the declaration of peace at the close of the War of 1812, the
settlers lived in constant fear.
FEAR OF INDIANS RESULTED IN A MAN SHOOTING HIS SON
In 1814, a man by the name of Jesse Starkey and his son had gone out
to look for their horses, which had wandered off from the cabin.
Each carried their own rifle. It was a foggy morning, and they
separated to make a more thorough search. The father and son, each
wearing buckskin, tramped through the timber in the fog.
Unknowingly, they had walked close to each other. Catching a glimpse
of something in the fog, they both raised their weapons and fired.
The father shot first and found that he had shot his own son.
Fortunately, the wound was not fatal, and the son recovered.
MRS. JESSE BAILES KILLED BY INDIAN
Mrs. Jesse Bailes, daughter of Mr. Bradshy, then living on Silver
Creek in Madison County, was shot in 1814 by an Indian near Sugar
Creek. She fled across the prairie to her father’s house, where she
died of her wounds.
THE WAR OF 1812-14
In July 1811, a Company of mounted Rangers was organized in Madison
County, and blockhouses were built at different points in the county
for protection. A stockade fort was constructed in Chouteau
Township, and around this were gathered a number of families. Among
them was John Gillham and his five sons; three brothers by the name
of Brown; three by the name of Kirkpatrick; and families by the name
of Dunnagan, Sanders, Ferguson, Dodd, Revis, Beeman, Winsor, Celver,
Green, and Smith. Thomas Kirkpatrick’s fort at Edwardsville
sheltered the inhabitants who had settled in that vicinity; and
Chilton’s fort, east of Silver Creek, about two miles west of the
present town of St. Jacobs, gave protection to the Howards, Gigers,
Chiltons, and others who had settled in that party of the county.
Chilton’s fort was commanded by Major Isaac Ferguson and Captain
Abraham Howard. There were other blockhouses at various points,
including one in Fort Russell Township, known as Jones blockhouse.
James Kirkpatrick’s fort was a couple of miles southwest of
Edwardsville; and southeast was Frank Kirkpatrick’s fort. Beck’s
blockhouse stood in Pin Oak Township. Lofton’s and Hayes’
blockhouses were in Nameoki Township. The Wood River fort was in
Wood River Township; and there was another for about one mile south
of the old town of Milton in Wood River Township.
In 1812, active preparations were made under Ninian Edwards, the
Territorial Governor, for the protection of the frontier. Companies
of mounted Rangers were organized who scoured the Indian country.
Fort Russell was built in the beginning of 1812, a couple of miles
north of the present town of Edwardsville. This fort was made the
headquarters of the Governor and the base of his military
operations. The Governor also held court at Fort Russell. The
cannons of Louis XIV of France were taken from old Fort Chartres,
four miles west of Prairie du Rocher, in Randolph County, Illinois,
and with them and other military decorations, Fort Russell blazed
with considerable pioneer splendor. The fort was named in honor of
Colonel William Russell of Kentucky, who had command of the ten
Companies of Rangers, organized by act of Congress, to defend the
western frontier. Four of these Companies were allotted to the
defense of Illinois, and were commanded by William B. Whiteside,
James B. Moore, Jacob Short, and Samuel Whiteside. The Whitesides
were residents of Madison County. A small company of Regulars, under
command of Captain Ramsey, were stationed at Fort Russell for a few
months in 1812 – the only regular troops at the fort during the war.
Colonel Nicholas Jarrot (previously mentioned as having made a gift
to the French Monks the mound at Cahokia) was a French patriot, who
was wedded to the American cause. He had made an oath that the
British agent and traders at Prairie du Chien were instigating
Indians to violence, furnishing them with arms and ammunition, and
otherwise preparing them for war along the borders of Western
civilization. In April 1812, Gomo, an Indian Chief, met Governor
Edwards at Cahokia to negotiate a treaty. The Governor addressed
them in a forcible speech, laying the blame for their hostilities
with the traders at British outposts. Governor Edwards told them
they could reach a treaty if they would deliver from their ranks the
murderers who had participated in the Chicago massacre. The Indians
then expressed desire for peace, but declared they could not deliver
up the murderers, who supposedly came from the Winnebago tribe.
Unfortunately, hostilities continued between the whites and Indians.
The Rangers gathered their families in blockhouses, while attempting
to raise corn and other food, with their guns hanging at their sides
while plowing.
THE WOOD RIVER MASSACRE
The most startling and cruel atrocity committed by the Indians
within the bounds of Madison County was the Wood River massacre, on
July 10, 1814, that resulted in the death of one woman and six
children. This tragedy took place in the forks of the Wood River,
east of Upper Alton. The victims were the wife and two children of
Reason Reagan, two children of Abel Moore, and two children of
William Moore.
Mrs.
Rachel Reagan and her two children were spending the day with her
sister, Mrs. William Moore. The men were away from home at the time.
As preparation began for the evening meal, Rachel decided to go home
and pick some beans to add to the evening meal. Accompanying Rachel
were her two children, two sons of William Moore, and two sons of
Abel Moore. Hannah Bates also went along, but for some reason
decided to turn back. When nightfall came, and the group had not
returned, William Moore (who had returned home) and his wife went
searching for them, taking separate trails. They both found their
loved ones in the dark, with one child barely alive. They had been
stripped naked, bludgeoned with an axe, and scalped.
The next morning the bodies were retrieved and buried in the Vaughn
Hill Cemetery. Alarmed had been raised, and Rangers from a nearby
fort went in pursuit of the Indians. They chased them into Morgan
County, finding one in a lone cottonwood tree. He was shot and
killed. In his pouch was the scalp of Mrs. Reagan. The remaining
Indians hid in the woods, near where Virden now stands. It was
learned later that only one Indian escaped, and that was the Chief
who led the party.
Today, a monument stands in the memory of those killed in the
massacre. It is located on Fosterburg Road, east of Upper Alton, in
front of the Hilltop Auction. The massacre took place 300 yards
behind the monument.
To read the entire story of the Wood River Massacre, please click
here.
THE TREATY OF 1819
On August 06, 1819, at Edwardsville, a treaty was negotiated between
Auguste Chouteau and Benjamin Stephenson, commissioners of the
United States, and the chiefs of the Kickapoo tribe. The Kickapoos
ceded all their land on the northwest side of the Wabash River,
including their principal village and tract of land covering the
central part of the state of Illinois, estimated to contain upward
of ten million acres. The United States agreed, in return, to pay
the Kickapoos two thousand dollars in silver, annually, for fifteen
successive years, and to guarantee them peaceable possession of
their country on the Osage, and to restrain all whites from hunting
or settling therein. The United States also promised to furnish two
boats in which to transport the property of the Indians from some
point on the Illinois River to their new place of residence, and to
select a white citizen to accompany them in their journey through
the white settlements. Proclamation was made of this treaty on
January 13, 1821.
On February 12, 1824, a group of Indians gathered on the Springfield
Road near Edwardsville, to witness the hanging of Eliphalet Green,
who was tried and convicted for murder. The Indians wanted to see
how civilized man killed their fellow man.
Indians still continued to visit Edwardsville until 1827 or 1828.
Traces of their camps and the peculiar marks made in their stripping
the bark from trees were visible ten years later. The Kickapoos at
one time had a temporary encampment near the mouth of Indian Creek,
and buried many of their dead there. In about the year 1824, some
Delaware Indians who came from Indiana camped in the timber
bordering the Cahokia. In a year or so they moved westward. After
1835, a large body of Pottawatomies passed through the county on
their way to their reservation.
MISCELLANEOUS NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
REMOVAL OF INDIANS
Source: Washington DC National Intelligencer, August 28, 1833
It will be seen by the following letter from Colonel Sands,
Assistant Agent, that a portion of the Pottawattamie Nation of
Indians are now on their march to the country allotted them west of
the Mississippi. Our best wishes attend them on their journey.
From Camp Tippecanoe Battle Ground, July 29, 1833
"I arrived here on last evening with part of the immigrating band of
Pottawattamie Indians, bound west of the Mississippi, and under my
charge. Over two hundred have gone by the Iroquois River, under
charge of R. Schoonover, Assistant, and will meet me at Danville,
Illinois.
The immigration of the Prairie Pottawattamie Indians will have a
happy effort on the removal of the whole tribe, which will probably
be effected next year. We will make Alton, on the Mississippi, a
point for embarkation onboard steamboats; from thence we will
proceed up the Missouri to Fort Leavenworth; four miles from that
place, the immigration will halt until the Commissioners select a
place for their permanent residence."
Respectfully your friend,
Lewis H. Sands, Assistant Agent, P.P.I. in Charge
NATIVE AMERICAN SKELETON FOUND - 1837
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, June 01, 1887
In 1837, the Alton post office occupied a small frame building at
the site now occupied by the city hall [current Lincoln-Douglas
Square]. The square at that point was graded by Richard McDonald,
now of Bethalto, and while engaged in digging, an Indian skeleton
was found; also, a large stone hatchet or axe.
HOW IT FEELS TO BE SCALPED
Source: Jersey County Democrat, November 08, 1867
(As printed in the Springfield Republican)
William Thompson, a telegraph repairer along the line of the Pacific
Railroad, has had a novel experience. He has been scalped by the
Indians, and yet lives to tell the tale. He lost his hair just
before the capture of the train at Plum Creek Station, recently
reported, and this is the story he tells to the wondering citizens
of Omaha, where he now is:
“About nine o'clock Tuesday night, myself and five others left Plum
Creek Station, and started up the track on a handcar to hunt up
where the break in the telegraph was. When we came to where the
break proved to be, we saw a lot of the ties piled upon the track,
but at the same moment Indians jumped up from the grass all around
and fired upon us. We fired two or three shots in return, and then,
as the Indians pressed on us, we ran away. An Indian on a pony
singled me out and galloped up to me. After coming to within ten
feet of me, he fired, the bullet entering my right arm. Seeing me
still run, he ‘clubbed his rifle,’ and knocked me down. He then took
out his knife, stabbed me in the neck, and then making a twirl
around his fingers with my hair, he commenced sawing and hacking
away at my scalp. Though the pain was awful, and I felt dizzy and
sick, I knew enough to keep quiet. After what seemed to be half an
hour, he gave me the last finishing cut to the scalp on my temple,
and as it still hung a little, he gave it a jerk. I just thought
then that I could have screamed my life out. I can't describe it to
you. I just felt as if the whole head was taken right off. The
Indian then mounted and galloped away, but as he went, he dropped my
scalp within a few feet of me, which I managed to get and hide. The
Indians were thick in the vicinity, or I might then have made my
escape. While lying down, I could hear the Indians moving around
whispering to each other, and shortly after placing obstructions on
the track. After lying down about an hour and a half, I heard the
low rumbling of the train as it come tearing along, and I might have
been able to flag it off, had I dared.”
INDIAN MOUNDS
Source: Alton Telegraph, February 14, 1868
It is well known that in various parts of this county, many curious
elevations exist, varying in height from ten to sixty feet, and
generally spoken of as “Indian mounds,” from the supposition that
they were raised by the aborigines as burial places for their dead.
We notice that the author of the geological survey of Illinois, in
commenting upon these elevations, calls in question the commonly
accepted belief of their artificial formation. He states that these
mounds, when carefully examined, are found to consist of drift clay
and loess, remaining in situ, just as they appear along the river
bluffs, where similar mounds have been formed in the same way, by
the removal of the surrounding strata by currents of water. Hence,
the author infers that these mounds are not artificial elevations,
but are simply outliers of loess and drift, that have remained as
originally deposited, while the surrounding cotemporaneous strata
were swept away by denuding forces. The simple fact that they were
used as burial places by the aborigines, which seems to be the main
argument relied upon in proof of their artificial origin, is
entirely inadequate to sustain such a conclusion, and they were,
perhaps, only selected for this purpose on account of their elevated
position.
Thus, is the ruthless hand of science sweeping away the pleasant
traditions of the red man, which are common in almost every
community. It has always been a gratification for us to look upon
these mounds in the light of monuments of the rude handiwork of a
past age, and as furnishing a dim insight into the customs of the
races which trod our hills and dales a thousand years ago. But if
the theory of the author quoted from is current, we must award to
Dame Nature the credit of rearing these elevations which
antiquarians have heretofore united in considering to be the work of
Indians.
We have, however, one delightful Indian legend of this vicinity
remaining yet intact, viz: that of the Piasa Bird, and we hope long
to entertain the belief of its truth(?), and to this end, therefore,
we suggest that whenever a geologist, armed with textbook and
hammer, commences an inspection of our bluffs, with a view of
overturning this tradition also, that his hammer be taken from him,
his textbook committed to the flames, and the man of science given
twenty-four hours in which to leave the town.
INDIANS MOVING FROM SMALLPOX ISLAND
(Island Across from Alton)
Source: Alton Telegraph, May 29, 1868
On Saturday morning about eleven o'clock, the branch of the
Winnebago tribe of Indians, which has been for some time encamped on
the island opposite Alton, passed this place, bound up the river.
They were stored away in ten large canoes, and numbered some sixty
individuals. The canoes were heavily laden, and the progress of the
expedition was necessarily slow, as it had to contend with the
strong current of the river.
EDWARD RODGERS FARM HAS LARGE NUMBER OF INDIAN RELICS
Source: Alton Telegraph, July 30, 1874
Mr. Ed Rodgers (whose extensive farm and fine residence, east of
Upper Alton, attracts the attention of passersby) often finds large
numbers of Indian relics, especially arrowheads, upon his premises.
A portion of the farm lying in the Wood River Bottom is very
fruitful of antiquities, and Mr. Rodgers there raises quite a crop
of relics whenever he plows. The neighborhood of a large spring on
the place seems to have been a favorite camping ground of the
Indians. Mr. Rodgers' farm was also an early pioneer battleground,
and the ruins of an old fort can still be seen on the brow of the
hill, nearly opposite his residence.
[This farm was located on the current property of the Alton Mental
Health Center on Rt. 140.]
INDIANS RESIDING NEAR EDWARDSVILLE
As Told by George T. Allen, M. D.
From the Alton Telegraph, December 31, 1874
I remember distinctly, that when we arrived at Edwardsville, one
half of the people there then were Indians - principally Delawares,
there assembled to receive their annuities. An Indian agent then
resided here, and, there being an abundance of game in all the
country around, these Indians, during several consecutive years,
passed the winter here. Their wigwams covered much of the space from
the old Court House in the middle of the town to the creek. These
Indians desired to be very friendly and thought they must enter
every house and shake hands with every white man, woman and child.
To us, this was a dreaded ordeal; for, besides our many prejudices
and their condition of the next thing to nakedness, the most cleanly
of our Indian neighbors were plainly and palpably very lousy. These
Indians were expert hunters and ever ready to trade a fat,
full-grown turkey or a saddle of venison, for a loaf of wheat
bread.
INDIAN RELICS EXHUMED ON SPRING STREET IN ALTON
Source: Alton Telegraph, October 21, 1875
A few days since, as Street Commissioner, Benjamin Allen was making
some improvements on Spring Street, an Indian burial ground was
opened by the excavation, from which were taken the skeletons of an
Indian warrior and his squaw, lying side by side. According to the
custom of the aborigines, food had been placed at the head of each
to enable them to make the journey to the “happy hunting grounds,”
and the calabashes or dishes in which the food was placed were found
in the position where they had originally been placed. The skulls
and pottery were in a good state of preservation, and are now in the
care of one of our citizens who is interested in obtaining a
collection of this character.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM McADAMS EXPLORES INDIAN MOUND
Source: Alton Telegraph, December 30, 1880
Hon. William McAdams of Madison County, whose antiquarian researches
have attracted much attention, in company with Professor R. B. Leak
of Elsah, last week explored an Indian mound three miles below
Hardin in Calhoun County, making some remarkable discoveries. The
mound in question is described as the largest in this portion of the
State, of which he has any knowledge, being several yards in length
and 25 or 30 feet in height. Beginning an excavation at the base of
the mound and digging toward the center, it was discovered that a
basin several feet in width, about a foot in depth below the
original surface, and apparently extending the entire length of the
mound, had been made and filled with a beautiful white sand unlike
any which Mr. McAdams has seen in this section, and which from the
action of fire or other cause had become compact and very hard. Upon
the surface of the sand, and apparently at regular intervals, the
exploring party found several magnificent sea shells, some of them
having hooks made upon one end, which would admit of their being
hung upon limbs of trees or other objects. Several partial, and one
or two complete nodules of flint were found upon this sand bed, and
of such shape and appearance too, as appear foreign to this section.
But perhaps the most remarkable part of the discovery was the
finding of two skeletons in a sitting posture, side by side, the one
being that of an old man, judging from the worn appearance of the
teeth, and the other of a young woman with a perfect set of teeth.
Immediately in front of the skeletons numerous articles such as
arrow head &c., were found, and among the number which are
particularly worthy of mention was a pipe wrought out of a kind of
hard stone, and so perfectly polished that after having lain
imbedded in the earth for centuries, a particle of dirt did not
adhere to it. Most curious of all, a copper breastplate of large
size, which from its position had evidently been worn upon the
breast of the male occupant of this ancient sepulcher. It had been
curiously wrought, and though much corroded, the mysterious figures
were plainly traceable. The skulls indicated a low order of
intelligence, and it is the opinion of Mr. McAdams that they are
relics of the original mound builders, that the mound was the burial
place of some noted personage, and that the young woman, possibly
his wife, was killed that she might accompany him to the happy
hunting grounds. Mr. McAdams will make a more complete examination
of this mound, when ever greater wonders concerning this ancient
race may be unearthed. He deserves great credit for the industry and
intelligence with which he pries into these secrets of the past.
RELICS FOUND IN ALTON NEAR SPRING STREET
Source: Alton Telegraph, March 22, 1883
Workmen who were engaged at Mr. Paul Meissner’s place, corner of
Third and Spring Streets, unearthed two or three human skulls, more
or less perfect, with parts of skeletons. The place was undoubtedly
used as a burial place long ago by the aborigines of the country as
tombs have been found constructed of large stones placed in such
positions as to form a receptacle for the remains, the stones
leaning together at the top, leaving a space beneath for the
sepulcher. The burial place also extends into the street at the
point mentioned. Relics have been discovered there at various
periods. On one occasion, four skeletons were found with their feet
placed together in such a position as to form a complete cross. Mr.
William McAdams, the antiquarian, was at the place today engaged in
a research for further relics of the former inhabitants of this
section. Among the articles found yesterday was a stone weapon, made
in such a manner that a thong or cord could be attached to it,
making it useful as an aboriginal “sling shot.”
PROFESSOR McADAMS TO REPORT FINDINGS
Source: Alton Telegraph, August 09, 1883
William McAdams of Alton, the noted geologist and archaeologist, is
making preparations to attend the meeting of the “American
Association for the Advancement of Science,” which meets in
Minneapolis on August 15. He will read three papers from his great
archaeological collection. The first will be titled “New Vertebrates
from the St. Louis Limestone,” and will be illustrated by the bones
found in Watson’s bluff quarry, imbedded in solid rock where no
vertebrates were ever found before. The second paper is titled
“Remains of Animals from the Glacial Clays.” It will be illustrated
by teeth and bones found in the clay above the limestone in the same
quarry. The third paper is titled “The Mound Builders of the
American Bottom.” To illustrate this, McAdams has prepared a general
map of the American Bottom, showing the location of all the mounds,
over 200 in number, and separate maps of the various groups,
including the Cahokia group, which contains Monk’s Mount. All the
200 mounds have been surveyed and located by Mr. McAdams.
Mr. McAdams’ archaeological collection is the finest and most
complete in the country. It embraces over 5,000 arrowheads and
points, hundreds of axes, spades, hoes, and other implements, over a
hundred specimens of pottery ware, pipes, stone images, and hundreds
of ornaments and curiosities. He also has one hundred human skulls
obtained in the mounds. The greater part of them are in perfect
preservation, and are of the various types, ranging from the full
frontal development to those of flattened forehead, retreating from
the eyes on an almost perfect level.
PAINTINGS ON THE BLUFFS
Source: Alton Telegraph, December 13, 1883
All old settlers were familiar with the picture of the Piasa Bird,
which a few years ago was visible on the face of the cliff, nearly
opposite the Water Works, but it is not generally known that some
aboriginal pictures are still visible on the bluffs about a mile
below Clifton, on the premises of Mr. George S. Hull. The pictures,
or representations, are on the smooth face of the cliff, nearly 200
feet above the river, and are protected from the weather by
projecting rocks overhead. Among the pictures are two or three
circles; an owl about eight inches high; a picture of the sun with
rays of light diverging therefrom. Nearby is a picture of the moon.
A little farther on is a representation of two birds fighting. There
are also other paintings, but so indistinct that it is impossible to
tell what they were intended to represent. The most curious of these
pictures is that of the sun. It is about three feet in diameter, and
before it is a human figure, prostrated in an attitude of adoration.
Professor McAdams, the archaeologist, has examined these paintings
critically, and pronounces them of undoubted aboriginal origin. He
was first told of their existence by old settlers many years ago. He
thinks that the painting of the sun, with the figure prostrate
before it, indicates that the Indians inhabiting this region at the
time it was painted were sun worshipers. It is a strange fact that
Professor McAdams, in his late explorations on the banks of the
Saline River in Missouri, found the figure carved in stone of two
birds fighting, which is an exact copy of the picture of the birds
found on the bluffs. This curious specimen of carving is about a
foot in height. What it is intended to symbolize is only a matter of
conjecture, but its resemblance to the painting on our bluffs shows
an endeavor to perpetuate in both the same idea or occurrence.
KICKAPOO INDIANS
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, July 11, 1887
The band of six Kickapoo Indians that held forth here for several
weeks are now located in Carondelet, Missouri, selling medicine.
Yesterday they all got drunk and went on a tear. Black Hawk and
Little Chief attempted to clean out a white man named Joseph Rose,
who boarded at the same hotel. They chased him to his room, and then
amused themselves shooting through his door with a Winchester rifle.
Rose got hold of his revolver during the melee, and badly wounded
Black Hawk and Little Chief. The whole crowd are now in jail, and
the medicine business has had a backset.
RELICS FOUND IN ANCIENT MOUND
Seven Native American Skeletons Unearthed
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, September 25, 1888
For several days Prof. McAdams and his two boys have been excavating
in an ancient mound on the Whitstein farm, two miles east of Alton
on the Mississippi bluff, and near the Wood River. There are many
mounds and evidences of occupation of prehistoric inhabitants in
this vicinity, and relics of the stone age are numerous. The mound
to which the Professor’s labor has been especially directed is oval
in shape, about 40 to 50 feet in length, and in the highest place
elevated some 7 or 8 feet above the surrounding surface of the
ground. It is prettily situated on a little terrace about midway on
the sloping bluff. The composition of the mound is what is known as
loess, a peculiar buff-colored, clean looking, marly clay, only
found near large rivers. There are, quite apparently, some
antiseptic qualities in the loess, for the large bones of extinct
animals, like the mastodon, are often found in it quite well
preserved. An ancient mound of loess is a bonanza to the
Ethnologist.
Seven human skeletons, in a very fair state of preservation, were
recovered by the Professor from this mound. Every bone was in place,
and we have the anatomy of seven mound buildings. The first
skeleton, taken from near the center of the mound, is that of a man
past middle age. The femur or thigh bone is a little over 18 inches
in length, showing a person of ordinary stature, or about 5 feet 8
or 9 inches, but strong and muscular. The skull, although of small
size, is what would be called a good one, with prominent perceptive
developments in the ridges over the eyes, as well as indicative
protrusions showing what is known as character in opposition to the
general smoothness of most crania, especially those of women. With
this skeleton were 23 stone implements, some of them of great
interest. One was a peculiar gouge, or curved chisel of stone, with
a handle of buck horn as thick as one’s wrist. There was a curious
implement somewhat like a grooved stone axe, but with one side
straight and the other curved like an adze [cutting tool]. Various
odd shaped stones, some as tools, one and maybe two perforated so as
to have been used as pipes, or connected with their religious
ceremonies. There were quite a number of bone implements, but that
which most interests the Professor is a shell, which seems to have
been enclosed in the bones of the right hand; this is a very
peculiar sea shell known among collectors as the Chinese sea snail,
and thought not to be a native of the Gulf of Mexico. About the neck
of this old Mound Chieftain was also a string of small sea shells of
several species. The left arm of the old warrior had at one time
been broken and healed, leaving the arm, however, misshapen. Between
the ribs and lying on the vertebra was an arrow point of black flint
- a war arrow without a notch, but with barbs and a short tang so as
to lightly fasten to the shaft. This arrow has been his death blow.
He had probably been killed in battle.
Enclosed in the ribs of one of the other of these ancient men was a
finely painted war arrow, showing how he met his fate. At the head
of this warrior was a pretty earthen vase, and in the mould it
contained a neat spoon of shell.
The third man also had his implements, and bore the scars of battle,
having an ugly scar on his skull and three broken ribs.
The remains of the women are of great interest, showing their
perfect form, as well as a curious disease with which one had been
afflicted, the leg bones in the lower extremities being enormously
enlarged and crooked. The tibia is as large as one’s arm, and
prominent physicians who have examined the remains are puzzled to
know what was her ailment. The Professor’s find is the most
interesting for many a year, and will be a source of study for
scientists for the coming year, at least.
Skeletons Moved to McAdams Museum
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, September 27, 1888
The skeletons of the seven mound builders unearthed by Prof. McAdams
from a mound near the Wood River, have been transferred to his
museum in Alton.
NOTES:
The John Whitstein farm was located on the north side of East
Broadway, between Hollywood Avenue and Herbert Street. The hillside
used to be quite steep, and was often referred to as bluffs. Just
west of this area, near Spring Street, another Native American
burial ground was found, in addition to a small spring, where in
1811, one man was killed (Mr. Price) and one man was injured (Mr.
Colter) by Native Americans. The men had erected a small cabin on
the hillside, and were tending to their garden below. In later
years, a Native American burial ground was found near where the
cabin was located. The Native Americans may have been angered by
their presence near their sacred burial ground. I believe the area
along East Broadway in Alton used to be a small Native American
campground or village. Since many of them were nomadic, they may
have been there for a relatively short period of time.
MOUND BUILDERS MEMENTOES
Source: Alton Telegraph, May 16, 1889
Professor McAdams and his son, Clark, made a trip in a sailboat up
the Illinois River, leaving here last Tuesday. They took with them a
tent and other essentials, and camped out 10 miles above Grafton in
Jersey County. They investigated the ancient mounds on the high
bluffs at that point, and were rewarded by finding some valuable
curios, relics of people of bygone ages. Among them were
“left-handed” sea shells, with holes at the upper end; a stone axe
12 inches long, of fine white and black granite or diorite; a pipe
of red stone, stem and bowl in one piece, a turtle being represented
by the bowl; six pieces of pottery found arranged around the head of
a skeleton; the vessels thin and elegantly finished, the largest
holds a half a gallon, the sizes ranging from that to a quart
measure. The handles represent animals somewhat resembling a
squirrel. These are different from anything of the kind the
Professor has ever found, and the finest. They are supposed to have
been made for burial vases. Each vessel had a spoon made of shell,
elegantly polished. A lot of stone, shell and copper beads were
among the articles discovered in the mounds. It was necessary, in
finding these articles, to dig from two feet to seven feet below the
surface.
REVEREND L. S. WILLIAMS
Missionary Among the Cherokees
Source: Alton Telegraph, May 23, 1889
Mr. J. R. Williams showed us two letters written seventy years ago
by two young Indian girls to his father, Rev. L. S. Williams, who
was a missionary among the Cherokees. The letters were well written
and expressed, although the writers had received but two years’
instruction at school. Rev. L. S. Williams was the first missionary
sent among the Cherokees, locating among them in 1817. In 1819, he
went as a missionary to the Choctaws, then located in Mississippi,
and remained with them twenty years, removing with them to the
Indian Territory in 1832. His son, J. R. Williams of Alton, was born
among the Choctaws in Mississippi, and remained with them until he
was eleven years old, when he was sent to New York State to be
educated, returning to his father in the Indian Territory some six
or seven years later. In 1837, Rev. Williams and his family came to
Illinois and located in Alton.
ALTON NATIVE LIVES AMONG THE INDIANS
Mary C. Collins
Source: Alton Telegraph, January 29, 1891
“Winona Collins,” the name by which Miss Mary C. Collins is known
among the Indians, of the genus Sioux, means “first-born,” and was
applied to the lady, as she was the first white woman to appear
among the particular tribe that gave her the name. Miss Collins in
now in Alton, the guest of Mrs. W. C. Giberson. Alton is her
birthplace, but the last sixteen years she has made her home among
the Indians.
Her first experience was at the Cheyenne Agency, north of Pierron,
at which place thirteen years were spent in teaching Christianity to
the noble red man. Three years ago she was transferred to Standing
Rock Agency, which place has been the scene of some of the recent
Indian difficulties. Missions are scattered about over the agencies,
each of which is presided over by Indian teachers.
Thirty miles from Standing Rock is the village of Running Antelope’s
people, where Miss Collins made her home while in the domain of
Standing Rock Agency. She was the only white person in the village,
and her nearest pale-faced neighbor was thirty miles away.
Running Antelope is an old Chief who has been friendly to the
government most of the time, but who took part in the Custer
massacre. Miss Collins asserts that Custer’s body was not mutilated
by the Indians, as has been charged against Poor Lo. Nor did they
cut his heart out and carry it about the village on a pole. The
latter atrocity was charged up to Rain-in-the-Face. Miss Collins
also declares that the soldiers were the aggressors in the fight,
and that the Indians fled upon the arrival of Uncle Sam’s troops,
but they were pursued and overtaken while in camp, with the result
known to all.
“Winona” was an eyewitness of the recent ghost dance, and knew Chief
Sitting Bull quite well. The recent troubles in Dakota are credited
by her to the hasty action of the settlers near the agencies, who
called upon the soldiery without cause, and when the troops
appeared, it acted as an incentive to stir the Indians to fighting.
As has been stated, Miss Collins is a native of Alton, and the above
facts were related yesterday evening to a Telegraph reporter.
MONK’S MOUND
Source: Alton Telegraph, February 05, 1891
Monk’s Mound, the oldest and most imposing landmark in the Great
American Bottom, and which is so graphically described by Charles
Dickens in his “American Notes” as the greatest of all Indian
mounds, is, so it is reported, to be leveled to the natural surface
and hauled away to fill a portion of East St. Louis up to grade.
Monk’s Mound covers an area of thirty acres, and its peak arises to
the height of nearly 100 feet above the common level. The mound is
about four miles north of East St. Louis. Railroads run within a
short distance of it, and a connecting switch will carry train loads
of the mound into the low places of East St. Louis. It is said that
grading contractors have bought the mound for that special purpose
from the owner, Charles T. Ramey.
MONK’S MOUND TO STAY
Source: Alton Telegraph, February 12, 1891
The story about the removal of Monk’s Mound seems to be about as
true as several other faked stories that originated in the past few
weeks. The idea that such a valuable and scientifically useful
monument as Monk’s Mound would be used to fill up the streets in
East St. Louis partakes of the “fairy tale” order.
Colonel Ramey, the owner of the farm on which Monk’s Mound is
situated, was in Alton this morning, and in a conversation
concerning the removal of the mound, stated that a cool $100,000
could not touch his price, and under no circumstances would he
permit of its desecration. The Smithsonian Institute and the
Historical Association of London have on many occasions attempted to
purchase the property, but Mr. Ramey will hold it. Several
scientists have of late measured the mound, and made other
investigations, and Mr. Ramey will, for his private satisfaction,
make a partial exploration this summer. He contends that like the
pyramids, this mound is fashioned after a perfect model, and that it
not only contains ante-rooms, halls, etc., but a cryptogamian
history of the people who labored in its erection. It was
undoubtedly the seat of the ruler of the people of surrounding
nations, and the acres of bones, no less tha 6 feet deep, will no
doubt tell a wonderful story of prehistoric times and men who
battled for sustenance in this region. It will show the relationship
which existed between the members of this family and the one who
erected the structures in Egypt, which have baffled the minds of
civilized man to know how such stones were placed in such a place.
How our ancient people erected a pyramidal tower of mud in the
current of a mighty stream which stretched from bluff to bluff is
also a mystery which a citizen of this section will have the honor
of investigating, if not answering.
PRESERVING MONKS MOUND
Source: Alton Telegraph, April 30, 1891
Professor McAdams returned last night from Springfield, whither he
had been to appear before the Senate committee considering Senator
Coppinger’s bill for the preservation of Cahokia Mound. The
professor thinks the bill will be passed. He finds it to be very
favorably looked upon by the State officers generally, and believes
it will be favorably reported at an early day.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIND NEAR MONKS MOUND
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, February 25, 1892
Professor William McAdams made a discovery that is of the utmost
importance to the scientific and archaeological world. He was
exploring a mound about 500 yards north of the celebrated Monks
Mound. At a depth of eighteen feet, he came upon a lot of relics of
by-gone days – a bundle of vegetation, neatly tied with a rope. The
vegetation was in a good state of preservation, and the strands of
the rope were intact, although age worn. A few grains of corn and a
part of the cob were interesting relics. There were other seeds,
among which were those of the pumpkin and other kindred plants. The
Professor intends to plant some of the seeds, and is hopeful they
will grow. He estimates that they have been there nearly 2,000
years.
PROFESSOR McADAMS TO DISPLAY EXHIBIT AT WORLD’S FAIR
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, March 18, 1892
Professor McAdams showed a Telegraph reporter some of the results of
his recent explorations in the Cahokia mound and vicinity, including
a large array of photographs showing Cahokia mound, the grandest
monument to the defunct mound builders to be found in the U.S., and
many lesser ones in its vicinity. These photographs are taken from
various points of view, and give an excellent idea of the elevation
and contour of the mound.
One main object of the Professor’s researches is to discover the
purposes for which these mounds were built. He has been able thus
far to throw considerable light on the subject, but not fully to
settle the question. None of the mounds thus far examined were used
as burial places, and the Professor is of opinion they had
connection with the religion of the peculiar race. He is anxiously
hoping to discover a burial mound, and believes that if he is
successful in that it will throw much light on the history of the
Mound Builders, and possibly lead eventually to a certain knowledge
of them.
It is unnecessary to say that Professor McAdams is prosecuting these
researches with a great deal of enthusiasm. He will continue work in
the Cahokia neighborhood for some time until the Spring is fully
opened up, when he will go to the headwaters of the Illinois River,
and come down the valley, making careful explorations of all such
relics, in which that valley is rich.
PROFESSOR McADAMS UNEARTHS SKELETON
Source: Alton Daily Telegraph, May 27, 1892
The excursionists to Professor McAdams’ camp on the Illinois River
returned yesterday evening. They report a pleasant time, and that
they helped the Professor unearth the bones of a former resident of
that vicinity. For minute particulars, the Telegraph refers to John
C., who had his Kodak along and took “snap” pictures of the skeleton
when first exposed, and as each bone was taken out, even to the
hair, claws, toenails, etc. The picture of the group with spade in
hand shows the astonishment of the party as the ancient remains of
their fathers were placed before them. On the countenance of each
beholder was depicted the most intense surprise, and from each set
of lips, at once and together, involuntarily sprang these words:
“And is this our ancestor?” And to tell the truth, almost anybody
that was not nearsighted would have observed the striking
resemblance between the unearthed and unearthers. It was a great
“find,” and will, no doubt, go far towards solving the problem of
the origin of the human species.
INDIAN REMAINS FOUND
Source: Alton Telegraph, May 03, 1894
Bluff Line graders this morning unearthed the skeleton of an Illini
Indian brave, together with a collection of beads, arrowheads, etc.,
along the line of their road, just back of the old baseball park.
The find caused considerable comment. The skeleton was perfect. The
skull showed the characteristic high cheekbones, and was supplied
with a beautiful set of teeth. Among the articles found were a steel
pipe and a silver buckle, which may have a history connected with
the mishaps and bloody encounters of the early settlers. The front
of engine No. 18 was ornamented with the skull and crossbones, and
came into town with the interesting find over the headlight.
McADAMS FINDS RELICS OF THE MOUND BUILDERS
Source: Alton Telegraph, November 15, 1894
Hon. William McAdams returned last evening from an outing of two
weeks, most of which time was spent on the farm of Captain King near
Portage in St. Charles County, Missouri. Captain King, while digging
out old orchard trees, ran across some of the relics, and sent word
to Mr. McAdams. The latter immediately began explorations, and the
farther they were carried the richer the results. Among relics
secured were a large number of vessels from the size of a half pint
to several gallons. These vessels were not made of earth, but of a
material of a composition nature. The color, when the vessels are
broken, is of a leaden hue. The vessels were all ornamented, and as
they had not been washed of the earth, they really presented a more
interesting aspect than if they had been freed from all their
surroundings. Mr. McAdams also secured copper rings for the fingers
and wrists, and handles for the vessels, showing plainly that in the
age of the Mound Buildiners, copper was known and used.
In the collection were several handles for tools. These handles were
made of horn (probably elkhorn), and showed the indentures where the
stone tool had been inserted. He also found pipes of various sizes
and unique shapes, made of stone. None of these pipes would hold a
thimbleful of tobacco. Mr. McAdams has a large collection of these
relics, and he considers them of rare value, and will add much to
the fund of information in regard to the ancient inhabitants of this
section of the United States – the Mound Builders.
BLUFF PAINTING SHOULD BE PRESERVED
Source: Alton Telegraph, January 09, 1896
Numerous painted representations of animals, birds, etc., are still
pictured on the bluffs above Alton, and some steps should be taken
to preserve them, as the air and action of the wind and weather are
using them roughly, and will in short time destroy them entirely.
Four miles above the city on Haskell’s bluff, the rocks are filled
with pictures painted by the Indians. The dense foliage protected
the face of the bluffs, and consequently the paintings, for years,
but lately all this has been cleared off and burned, and there is
nothing left to protect or preserve the face of the rocks, which are
beginning to crumble and fall, the paintings falling with it, of
course.
Professor E. Marsh, who is a most enthusiastic lover of legendary
lore, and who looks with dismay upon the probable loss to posterity
of these pictures, went up to the bluffs some time since, and made
pencil sketches of about twenty of the pictures, animals, anchors or
crosses, gods, clubs, cooking utensils, and unnameable things
painted there, which he transferred to paper, and will, when the
drawings are perfected, have “cuts” made of them, in order that
future generations will at least “have a shadow,” though the
substance be gone. His collection is an interesting, and will become
a most valuable one in time, as it is written in the history of the
world that appreciation for what is gone is always strong, and
enthusiastic with survivors.
APPLIES FOR CITIZENSHIP IN INDIAN TERRITORY
Source: Alton Telegraph, December 16, 1897
Mrs. Lucy Riker, Principal of the Eighth Street Academy of Music,
has applied for enrollment in the Indian Territory [Oklahoma] as a
citizen of Cherokee blood. Mrs. Riker is a granddaughter of Half
Moon, a former Chief of the Cherokee tribe. Her application, we
understand, will be favorably considered, but this will in no way
interfere with her eminent abilities as a musician or her Academy on
Eighth Street, as she will continue to favor Alton with her
residence, and will only spend a portion of her time in the domain
of the great Half Moon in the Indian Territory.
Source: Alton Telegraph, December 23, 1897
Justice Springer of the United States court at Tahlequah, has
declined to recognize the claims of Mrs. Lucy Riker of Alton as a
Cherokee citizen, and has thrown out her claim with those of
hundreds of others. Only Carolina Cherokees will take part in the
distribution of government money.
THE LITTLE RED-HAIRED GIRL
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, July 03, 1900
Mrs. Henry M. Needles of Granite City, President of the Women's
Federated Clubs of this congressional district, made a most
interesting talk of the early history of this and St. Clair county,
and told of a massacre in which only a little red-haired girl was
saved, because the Indians would not kill a person with red hair.
The child, taken away by the Indians, lived with them for three
years when French hunters took her away from the Indians to Quebec,
and she was later returned to Virginia to her relatives, six years
after her capture by the Indians.
LEG AND FOOT FOUND IN QUARRY NEAR HOP HOLLOW - ENCASED IN
MOCCASIN
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, April 27, 1901
Mr. D. Lu Roe, foreman of Golike quarries, brought a curious
formation which he found in the quarries at Hop Hollow the other
day. It is a perfectly formed, and part of a human leg. The heel and
ankle show very distinctly, as does the calf of the leg, which
appears to have been pulled away from the rest of the leg. There are
no toes visible on the foot, which appears to be encased in a
moccasin. Mr. Roe says the place where the foot was blasted out is
at least 80 feet from the top of the quarry, and 22 feet from the
bottom. It must have gotten there ages ago, and goes to show that
the science of "pulling a man's leg" is no new one. The foot and leg
found are on exhibition at Stiritz's.
INDIAN PAINTINGS CARVED OUT OF BLUFFS
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, July 23, 1902
The discovery was made Tuesday night by an Alton man who is much
interested in the Indian pictures. The find was on the bluff at
Hull's Hollow, above Hop Hollow, that two of the most distinct
antique Indian paintings on the face of the bluff there have been
chiseled and carved out of the bluffs, and have been carried away by
an Alton collector or curios who has added them to his own private
collection, it is supposed. The pictures quarried and carved out of
the bluffs represent an owl and an animal which is supposed to be
either a dog or a wolf, the meaning of the savage artist being not
very plain. The owl was on the face of the cliff, and to get it out
the vandals chiseled behind the picture and after making a deep cut,
split the piece of stone bearing the painting out of the bluff. The
picture of the dog or wolf has been quarried from a stone which had
been lying on the ground for ages, where it fell long after the
painting was put upon it by the Indian artist. Both stones were
carried away. The pictures were taken out of the stone sometime
within a few days, as the scraps of luncheon eaten by the workmen
were still lying around and were fresh. Fresh tracks led up to the
ledge high on the bluffs where the paintings were made, and every
indication was that the act of vandalism had been perpetrated within
a few days before its discovery. The perpetrator of this act may
claim that it was done to preserve the paintings, but whether it was
done with permission or not the taking of the two best examples of
Indian art is certainly inexcusable. Many people have traveled to
see these paintings, and all have agreed that the two which were
carved from the bluffs were the best and most distinct of all of the
Red Man's paintings. Others remaining are indistinct from weathering
and fading processes, and could not have been removed, which
probably accounts for the fact that only two paintings were taken.
COPPER AXES AND WEDGES, PAINT ROCK AND OTHER INDIAN HANDIWORK
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, January 13, 1903
Henry Hendricks, the well-known East Alton farmer, was in the city
today with a small box filled with curious specimens of the
handiwork of Indians, or more intelligent race preceding even the
Indians in the occupancy of this country. Mr. Hendricks made the
find, which is one of the most interesting made in years in this
locality, while grading on his farm - the old Dan Gillham farm -
below East Alton, and they were about six feet below the surface of
the earth. There are two copper axes and a copper wedge, all showing
skill in manufacture and all showing evidences also of having been
used a great deal. There was a large piece of red paint rock, and it
is wonderfully full of vitality yet, although it must have lain
where found ages upon ages. With its power to color, the piece found
is large enough to paint a fairly large town pretty red. Among the
articles is a curiously shaped and wonderfully fashioned something,
its surface being smooth as glass. A hole is bored clear through it
at the thickest part, but what its uses were could not be imagined
by those who saw the curios. Mr. Hendricks will have the find
investigated further by experts and it is possible that many other
articles may be found in the same locality - articles that may serve
to throw some light on the problem of nationality or race of the
peoples who once populated these valleys and disappeared in some
mysterious manner, leaving neither history nor tradition behind
them.
FORMER ALTON MAN SHOT BY INDIAN
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, July 20, 1903
The first definite confirmation of the newspaper reports received
concerning the shooting of Felix I. Crowe, near Lawton, Oklahoma
Territory, was received today by Mr. Albert Howard of Union Street
[in Alton]. His wife gave particulars of the shooting, corroborating
the newspaper reports. The report that Mr. Crowe had refused to
permit the Indian who shot him to ride is an error. While on the way
to Fort Sill with hay, the Indian, who was intoxicated, asked for a
ride, which Mr. Crowe granted. When darkness overtook them, Mr.
Crowe unhitched his team for the night. This enraged the Indian, as
he wanted to go on to Mt. Scott that evening. However, he said
nothing. Later, when Mr. Crowe had mounted his wagon to get feed for
his horses, the Indian fired two shots at him. One, the first shot,
entered the head above the right eye, and ranging down, passed
through the jaw at the articulation, to lodge in the neck. The other
bullet entered behind the ear and passed out through the skull. The
first bullet was taken out of the neck. The wounded man returned to
consciousness the next afternoon. The Indian escaped and had not
been captured up to the last news from there. A letter received this
morning by Mrs. G. F. Crowe in this city [Alton] from the daughter
of the injured man, states that he is in a very serious condition,
that, if he should get well, he will be blind in one eye.
NOTES:
Felix I. Crowe formerly lived at Summerfield (Godfrey) in 1893, and
was a former Alton store owner on Belle Street. He did not die from
this shooting, but died in 1934 in Oklahoma, and is buried in the
Alton Oakwood Cemetery. His daughter, Julia Faye Crowe Malcom, died
in 1971 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and is buried there.
INDIAN TOMAHAWK FOUND
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, October 20, 1904
John Shaw of this city [Alton], recently found an Indian tomahawk
while walking along the bluffs between Lockhaven and Elsah. The
tomahawk is made of iron, with a hole neatly driven through the head
for a handle. The edge of the tomahawk on one side is corroded with
a smooth black rust, and is supposed to have been lost by its owner
while the blood of the victim was still upon it. The tomahawk was
made in France and sold to the Indians by French traders. Tomahawks
usually were made of flint, to which handles were attached by
binding with some tough, strong skin. This old tomahawk, if it could
talk, might unfold many tales of horror, and when one handles it, it
is with a shudder of horror as he contemplates the use it was put
to.
INDIAN SKELETON DISCOVERED
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, April 24, 1905
Walter Riehl discovered almost the entire skeleton of an Indian in a
caved in bank on his father's place, Evergreen Heights, Sunday.
Indian skeletons are becoming very scarce and few of those found are
in good condition. The skull of this warrior was cleft with a
tomahawk, showing plainly how the original owner of the skeleton
came to his death. [Evergreen Heights was on the bluffs near Riehl's
Landing on the riverfront.]
CRAZY MOON'S WAR BONNET AND OTHER ARTIFACTS IN ALTON –
BROUGHT FROM WYOMING BY W. A. HOPPE
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, November 17, 1911
Joe E. Noll's cigar store in east Second Street [Broadway] has been
converted into a sort of Indian reservation and exhibition emporium,
and many people are calling to look at and admire and wonder about
the collection of Indian articles displayed there. The exhibit
belongs to W. A. Hoppe, formerly of this city, who is back from
Wyoming on a visit, and is valued at $75 actual cash paid therefore.
It is not for sale, however, at any price, but anyone who cares to
do so is welcome to call and examine.
That there are dudes among the 'Noble Red Men' is attested by the
belt and vest of one on exhibition. The vest is of heavy black
broadcloth, and is embellished with elaborately worked beaded
flowers on the front, as well as the back. Two stars made of
varied-colored beads adorn the back of the vest also. Beads of many
colors have been stitched into the belt, and make it very attractive
looking. The vest cost $25.
The war bonnet of Crazy Moon, a noted Arapahoe Indian chief, was
purchased by Mr. Hoppe last Labor Day celebration at Lander's,
Wyoming, and cost him $35. The feathers in the bonnet, and the long
piece of cloth hanging from the headpiece, were taken from wild
turkeys and make the bonnet look rather fierce.
There are famous Indian Medicine Stones and Medicine bags among the
exhibits, and many strings of beads, moccasins, pipes and other
articles, each of which has an interest of its own. Mr. Hoppe also
has placed nuggets of silver and gold in the exhibit, and samples of
wheat and oats grown in Wyoming indicate that agriculture there must
be a paying calling. Many thousands of little beads were used in
adorning the various articles exhibited, and the wonder is where do
the Indians get all their beads?
NATURAL FOUNTAIN AT ROCK SPRING NO LONGER RUNS
Carved in Solid Rock by Indians
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, July 03, 1912
One of the prettiest features of Rock Spring park, the little spring
that gave the park its name, has been done away with. The natural
fountain which bubbled forth from a cleft in the rock no longer
pours water into the two little basins that are said to have been
carved in the solid rock by the Indians. There were two little bowls
into which the water ran, and it was possible to scoop up a cup full
of water at a time. A few years ago the stream of water broke
through in another place and poured forth in two channels
thereafter. The park commissioners have had a hole cut in the rock
farther up stream, about six feet, and in this have inserted a sewer
pipe, well cemented in. The sewer tile drains all the water that
formerly bubbled out of the old time spring, the work being
completed last night. Now, while the beautiful little spring has
been wiped out of existence, the water that once came forth into the
two little stone basins pours out of the mouth of the tile pipe, and
anyone wanted a bucket of water can get it by holding a bucket under
the end of the pipe. There will be many who will regret that the old
time spring has been changed, wiped out of existence. It was a
pretty feature of the park, and one that was very attractive.
100 NATIVE-AMERICAN SKELETONS FOUND
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, May 18, 1916
One hundred Indian skeletons have been unearthed, and there may be
as many more in an Indian mound that was dug into on the Hugh Poag
farm near Wanda yesterday. Hugh Poag, the owner of the land, was
digging away some of the dirt of the mound to do some grading, when
he came on to the skull of a human being. He dug further and found
the entire remains of this and many other skeletons. Today Mr. Poag
gave the alarm and there are over fifty persons who have been
digging in the mound all day and up to noon today. They have taken
out over a hundred Indian skulls and a great pile of bones that are
the remainder of the remains of the Indians buried in the mound.
John R. Sutter of Edwardsville, a local Edwardsville archeologist,
visited the mound this morning and stated that the bones were the
bones of Indians without a doubt. He believes that this is a burial
ground of a large number of Indians, killed in battle or by some
disease, and he states that the way the bodies seem to have been
thrown into the mound in any form and just covered over indicates
the burials were very hurried. The scene where the Indian remains
were found is on the old Charles Sebastian farm, and Mr. Sebastian
now residing in Edwardsville, has many Indian specimens that he
found in the mounds of the land when he owned the land. St. Louis
archeologists visited the scene today and the find all in all has
caused much ado in the ranks of the archeologists of the district.
NOTES:
Hugh F. Poag was born in Chouteau Township, Madison County,
Illinois, on November 13, 1869. He was the son of Andrew J. Poag
(1834-1904) and Lucinda Sanders Poag (1837-1920), pioneer settlers
in Chouteau Township. Andrew served in Company B, Telegraph Corps,
Missouri Volunteers during the Civil War. Hugh spent all his life in
Chouteau Township, and at the time of his death in 1942, resided
within sight of the homestead where he was born.
The archeological find was located on the old Charles Sebastian
farm/Hugh Poag farm, north of New Poag Road, a short distance
southwest of Wanda Cemetery. There was no further mention of the
burial mound there.
STONE BASINS AT ROCK SPRING PARK CARVED BY INDIANS
Water No Longer Fit to Drink
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, July 05, 1917
That people don't believe in signs is evident, since they paid no
heed to the sign placed over rock spring - the spring from whence
Rock Spring Park gets its name. It has been about two years since
the park commissioners first placed the sign over the spring,
announcing the water unfit for drinking. People who had been
drinking water from the spring for many years gave no attention to
the verdict from the Illinois State University, pronouncing the
water unfit for drinking, and they kept on drinking it. Boys defaced
the sign many times. They erased the "un" from the word "unfit," so
that the sign read: "this water is fit for drinking." Numerous new
signs were put up by the park superintendent, but each time it was
changed to read differently from the original lettering. The park
superintendent took away all the cups many times, but others would
carry cups there and leave them. Empty soda bottles were used for
drinking out of, and old tin cans were gathered up left at the
spring where the water continued to flow in its usual quantity from
the tile that had been placed in the hillside some years ago by the
park workmen to carry the water out to the public instead of
allowing it to run out through the little stone basins that were
supposed to have been cut out by the Indians many years ago. The
park commissioners have at last given up trying to stop the public
from drinking the water by persuading, and they have blocked the
water from the tile by completely closing it up with concrete. The
tile itself is covered up with a mound of concrete, and the flow of
water has ceased. The water again runs out by way of the little
stone basins in the creek. If the public insists on using the water,
they will find it a little more inconvenient now to get at, but they
can still get it by dripping it out of the basins.
ROXANA - SKELETONS OF INTELLIGENT RACE FOUND
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, May 11, 1918
A burial place of the original old settlers, antedating the American
Indians in Madison County, was today affording interesting study to
students of ethnology and archeology. Workmen excavating on a small
hill just inside of the Roxana Oil Refinery at Roxana yesterday
unearthed the bones of fifteen skeletons. On previous occasions
other skeletons were uncovered in that vicinity and the discovery of
the additional skeletons yesterday helps to demonstrate that at some
time there must have been many people buried in that neighborhood.
Many of the skeletons were found almost whole, in an upright posture
in the soil. The skeletons appeared to be both male and female, and
of old and young persons. The skulls were well preserved, and the
teeth were in good condition. On each of the skulls on the right
side there appeared to be a small dent, which might have been made
by a savage's war club. The skeletons are not of Indians, for the
large jaw bone of the Indian and the large joint bones, which
characterize the Indian skeleton are lacking. Ethnologists have
frequently declared that at one time a highly developed race lived
in America before the Indians, and that they were slain by the
Indians.
The finding of the skeletons gives rise to the belief that there
must have been a massacre of an entire tribe of highly civilized
prehistoric men at that place by the Indians, and that they were all
buried together in a heap, which is now the site of the Roxana Oil
Refinery [former Shell Oil, now Phillips 66, at Hwy. 111 and Madison
Street]. This supposition is strengthened by the fact that in the
memory of the old settlers at Roxana, no cemetery was ever located
in that vicinity. Frank Smith, whose grandfather secured the Smith
land, which was sold to the Roxana Oil Refinery, says that his
grandfather secured the land from the government on a homestead
claim, and that in his remembrance there was no cemetery there at
that time. The fact that the bones are not those of Indians would
prove apparently that the skeletons belonged to some prehistoric
race, which evidently were later killed off by the Indians.
On numerous occasions specimens of the finest pottery made of
pulverized mussel shell, and cemented with a substance, the nature
of which chemists of today cannot duplicate, have been found in that
neighborhood, and this lost art of mussel shell pottery is believed
to belong to that prehistoric race. H. H. Clark, cashier of the
First State and Savings Bank at Wood River, who is interested in
ethnology and archeology, went to Roxana this morning and secured a
number of the skull and thigh bones found at the refinery. He also
took along several well-preserved specimens of teeth found in the
jaw bones, beside several specimens of the mussel shell pottery,
which was found nearby. The find was made just inside of the Roxana
gate, where six of the fifty houses to be erected for workmen at
Roxana are being put for the foremen of the plant. At that place
there is a small hill which rises up inside of the gate, and it was
in the side of the hill that the skeletons were found. The discovery
has attracted a great deal of interest, and many from Alton and Wood
River went down to Roxana today in automobiles on learning of the
finding of the skeletons. Many of the bones were taken away as
relics and will be carefully preserved.
NOTES:
I have no further information on this archeological find, or what
happened to the remains of these people. Although the newspaper had
the opinion that these weren’t the remains of Native Americans, they
probably were, as records show that the area was dotted with small
mounds which held Native American remains. Too bad this discovery
was thoroughly examined by archeologists and the remains preserved
in a local museum. In early days, the remains of Native people ended
up in a St. Louis or Springfield, Illinois museum.
NATIVE AMERICANS VISIT CAHOKIA MOUNDS
Source: Troy Call, November 26, 1920
About two hundred Native Americans attended the Indian convention in
St. Louis last week, and journeyed to the famous Cahokia or Monks’
Mound between Collinsville and East St. Louis. The trip was made in
special cars furnished by the East St. Louis & Suburban Electric
Railway, and the Native Americans were accompanied by Dr. H. Whelply
of St. Louis, who is president of the Missouri Historical Society.
Many of the Indians were in native dress, and they gave a program on
top of the mound, singing songs of war and peace, and conducting
several war dances. Chief Sloan delivered a speech in English on the
American Indian and his ways, and Dr. Whelply also made an address
to the Indians. Both were intensely interesting to all who heard
them. The oldest Indian in attendance was an Apache chief, 89 years
of age. There was also a family of Indians from Nome, Alaska. The
history of the mound is closely interwoven with Indian lore, and it
still remains a question as to who built the mounds.
INDIAN ART PAINTED ON ROCK GOES TO ST. LOUIS
Source: Alton Evening Telegraph, May 27, 1921
A business transaction was closed in Alton this week through William
Waters of Godfrey, for the Missouri Historical Society, through
which the 4 paintings that were carved from the rocks in the Levis
Bluff, at Physical Culture farm site, by George Dickson in 1905,
passed into the possession of this society. The four paintings which
Mr. Dickson took from the bluff were an owl, a sun circle, a
squirrel and a piece showing two birds or some kind of animals in a
contest. Back in 1905 the paintings were still in a fair state of
preservation, and the late Professor William McAdams got photographs
of them for illustration in his book, “Records of Ancient Races.”
The papers that went with the paintings were none other than proof
of their authenticity, this being an affidavit signed by George
Dickson and William Turk, the affidavit being attested by Edward G.
Merriwether. Although there was some criticism at the time the
paintings were taken from the face of the bluff, it is perhaps well
that they were, for after a hundred or two years of being on the
face of the bluff, and after having perhaps, been repainted by the
Indians from time to time, they were fast disappearing because of
erosion caused by the large amount of salt peter in the stone at
that point. There are still three paintings remaining on the bluff,
the largest one of all being a great animal, perhaps a lion, and
another an animal about as large as a dog. The outlines of the
mountain lion are still to be seen faintly. The specimens of Indian
painting which pass from Illinois into Missouri, will be housed in a
fire proof building, will be protected from the elements and proper
drawings of what they were have been made to give one a good idea of
what Indian art was in the days when the Red Man roamed the hills of
Alton, with none but himself to dispute his holdings and with no tax
collector or war taxes to worry him. It is believed by many students
of these paintings that the Piasa Bird was painted with the same
pigment paint these other paintings were made of, and whatever it
was, was that much better than the paint the white man of today
makes that it lasted better than perhaps two hundred years, despite
the most adverse conditions.
From the Records of Ancient Races by William McAdams, 1887 [Referred
to above]:
"Some three or four miles above the city [Alton], high up beneath
the overhanging cliff, which forms a sort of cave shelter, on the
smooth face of a thick ledge of rock, is a series of painting,
twelve in number. They are painted or rather stained in the rock,
with a reddish-brown pigment that seems to defy the tooth of time.
These pictographs are situated on the cliff more than a hundred feet
above the river. A protruding ledge, which is easily reached from a
hollow in the bluff, leads to the cavernous place in the rock; and
while one is safe from rain or storms, he has a splendid view, not
only of the Mississippi, which flows a mile in width in majesty
below, but of the cultivated bottom lands on the opposite shore and
beyond, the turbid waters of the Missouri - one of the most
magnificent scenes of this romantic locality.
Half the figures of the group are circles of various kinds, probably
each having a different meaning. On the left are two large birds,
apparently having a combat, in which the larger bird seems about to
be victorious. To the right of the birds is a large circle enclosing
a globe, and before which is the representation of the human form,
with bowed head and inclined body, as if in the act of offering to
the great circle something triangular in shape, not very unlike a
basket with a handle, which is held in the hand. Among all the
ancient pictographs we have seen, this is the only one where the
human form is depicted as if in adoration, perhaps to the sun.
Counting from the left, the eighth figure in the group seems to be
intended to represent some carnivorous animal with a long tail,
which is turned over its back. The next figure in the series is a
large bird with extended wings, which seem to come from the base of
the neck. This curious winged creature seems to be having a combat
with a circle or planet with two horns. This is an interesting
figure, because it is repeated in other groups, as we shall show;
and is quite evidently intended to represent a contest of flying
animals over the possession or destruction of a circle or planet. At
some little distance then follows in the series the representation
of an owl; the whole ending with a smaller red circle.
On the top of the bluff above these pictographs are a number of
ancient mounds, not very large ones. Upon excavating in them we
found them to contain human remains, in a tolerable state of
preservation. The material, of which the mound was composed, being
loess, together with the dry and elevated position, was favorable to
resist decay. In burial, the bodies had been laid prone on the
ground, with limbs extended. Some ornaments from sea shells, with a
few rude bone and stone implements, were all of this nature to be
found. Nothing was to be seen that might indicate any connection
with the pictographs on the face of the rock below."